Maps use scales to reduce everything in distance or size, just as a model train or car is a scaled down version of a real one. Maps that are drawn to scale are very useful because they make it possible to measure real distances on land by taking measurements from maps.

The scale of a map tells us how much the area has been reduced in size.  Therefore the scale should be clearly marked on every map.  Scale cna be shown on a map in three different ways:

• Graphic scale.  Scale can be shown on a map using a line scale marked at even intervals.
• Verbal Scale .  The scale of a map can be shown in a statement given in words.  For example, 'one centimetre on the map represents one kilometre on the ground'.
• Representative Fraction. The scale of the map can also be shown in numbers, using a fraction.  This is usually written like a ratio.  For example, '1/100 000' or '1:100 000'.  This means that one centimetre on the map represents 100 000 centimetres, 1000 metres or one kilometre on the ground.

We can use the scale of a map to work out the distance from one place to another.  A graphic scale is the easiest to use.  To measure the straight line distance between two points, we should follow four steps.

1. Place a piece of paper between the two points on the map.
2. Mark off the distance between the two points along the edge of the paper.
3. Place the piece of paper along the graphic scale.
4. Read off the distance on the graphic scale.

What happens if we have to measure a winding river or coastline?  This is not as difficult as it seems.  We could follow the path of the river or road with a piece of string or cotton.  We could then measure the length as a straight line.  Another way to measure the distance between two points on a bend or curve is to follow these four steps:

1. Place a sheet of paper on the map and mark off the starting point on the edge of the paper.
2. Then move the paper so that the edge of the paper follows the curves on your map.
3. Mark off the end point on your sheet of paper.
4. Finally, place the paper along the graphic scale and read off the distance on the scale. 

TIP:  Use the tip of your pencil or a pin to keep the paper on the curve.  You can then pivot the paper around without losing your place.